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The species composition and function of the microbial communities were found to be significantly different from those in the epi-, meso- and bathy-pelagic zones ( Guo et al., 2018 Liang et al., 2019 Liu et al., 2019 Nunoura et al., 2015 Tian et al., 2018 Xu et al., 2018). Recently, the prokaryotic and eukaryotic communities of hadal zones in the Mariana ( Guo et al., 2018 Liu et al., 2019 Nunoura et al., 2015 Tian et al., 2018 Xu et al., 2018), Puerto Rico ( Eloe et al., 2011), Japan ( Nunoura et al., 2016), Yap ( Zhang et al., 2018) and Kermadec Trenches ( Peoples et al., 2018) were investigated using deep-sea sampling and high-throughput sequencing techniques.

“Hadal zones,” which are comprised almost entirely of deep ocean trenches, are the least-explored aquatic biosphere on Earth. This study provides fundamental insights into the virioplankton assemblages of the hadal zone, reinforcing the necessity of incorporating virioplankton into the hadal biogeochemical cycles. Abundant rve genes in the hadal zone, which function as transposase in the caudoviruses, further suggest the prevalence of viral-mediated horizontal gene transfer.

Lysogenic viral production and integrase genes were augmented in the hadal zone, suggesting the prevalence of viral lysogenic life strategy. 2,586 viral auxiliary metabolic genes from 132 different KEGG orthologous groups were mainly related to the carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and arsenic metabolism. Almost all of the dominant viral contigs in the hadal zone were unclassified, potentially related to Alteromonadales and Oceanospirillales. Herein, we reveal the unique virioplankton assemblages of the Challenger Deep, comprising 95,813 non-redundant viral contigs from the surface to the hadal zone. Hadal ocean biosphere, that is, the deepest part of the world’s oceans, harbors a unique microbial community, suggesting a potential uncovered co-occurring virioplankton assemblage.

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